2.
   2024
/   
      
(1947  2000 .)
 : 3     :50
:     -     ,     
                     
 -
1.          
2. 1947                   ' 

 -
3. 1966              '  
4.     ?               
?
 -
2.
5. '    '  
  ?   '       
6.                
-
7.             
8.                     
2.
   2024
/   
      
(1947  2000 .)
 : 3     :50
:     -     ,     
                     
 -
1.          
:1.   ?
    1947  ,           -
     :
 (  '    )
  (  '    )
  ,         ,    
  :
     
    
          -     - 
     , , ,       - 
    
2.
2.         
?
           :
  ,         
, , ,      
    '     '  
1940          
      ,        
3.     -       
             
 14-15       
   
     
      
   , ,             
    -     

            

  -              
    
4.      
       
   
    
      '   
      
      10   ,       
  
 ,         ,     
   
2.
5.     
    '   
 -     '   
  :
 
  
    
    :
          
            
    
         ,     
      
,   ,          , 
       
6.       
     
 -     
 :
  
 
  
  
      ( )       ( )
 
     -       -    
   
               
      
2.
7.        
  ,            
  :
  
    
-  
            
         :




                ,
          
8.       
        
1947  :
     
     
  :
    '     
    '   
        '  
 ,   1966      :
 (  )

  ()
2.
         
9.  -     '    
             :
 
 
  
 
    -         
 ',       , ,      
   -   
10.      
 ,     
 :
    
    
  
 
 ,    
 -      

1947         ,        
 
          ,     '
, ,          - , 
   
            ,
  ,       ,     
       -           

 
2.
2. 1947                   ' 

:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌   
           
  -    -    ,
       
 ,           
  
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
1.    
           
 ,     -    
-,  ,       -    
2.     
 
 ,   ,      
  
         ,     
 
        
3.    -
            
 
          
         ,    
  
4.    
             

             
 
, ,          
5.  
2.
           ,  

   ,    ,     
            ' 
 
6.   
           
 
 ,   ,        

 ,   ,       
7.  

       
   ,           
          
󷊨󷊩 (      )  
        
       ,      
 ' ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  ,        
      ,    
             

,        
󽆪󽆫󽆬
1947                
,  , ,  ,  ,    
      ,     , 
 -     ,        
  
2.
 -
3. 1966              '  
:󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆:      
1947  ,               
    1947    ,     :
     
    
       ,        '   
  :
      
       
    
         
    :        
1947  ,           '      
     :
       
   
      
           1956     
,     '     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
 ,        1966    
    
󺅗󺅘󺅙󺅚    
1966           
2.
   ?
" "       
      '  ,    ,    
  :
      (     )  
      
      
  
?
  ,            
   ,           :
   "-"   
        
               
 
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃    :     
   -          :
  ()
    ()
    :
  
  
   '  
  ,   1956          
 -    
󼱲󼱴󼱳󼱵󼱶󼱷1950-60       ' 
          
2.
 :
1950   :          
1955:     
196061:     
1965:-    

              
         
          
  
󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩      
      
   :
- 
-  
-  
 :
       '    
   / - 
    ' 
    
          
      
󼯲󼯳󼯴󼯵󼯶1965   -    
    1965       
            :
       
        
    
2.
  ,             
   
       
󷩡󷩟󷩠    
     
           ,    
   
  (1964)  ,     
               

            
  
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭     
1966 ,             
   :
 
 
 
 
    ',      , 1966  
󼪍󼪎󼪏󼪐󼪑󼪒󼪓    (     )
       :
  (     )
 (   )
   
     
             
2.
󷄧󼿒1966             (  )
       :
1.           
1956    -      
2.   
           
3.  -    
          
4.   '    
  '      
5.   
          
6. 1965   -    
       
7.     
       
8.       
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 (    )
       -   , - -  
 ,   -     -,     
  ,  ,            
-                 
  
       
              
      ,      
              
  
2.
    ,        :  ,
    
 , 1966 ,       -     
, 
      ,        
 
4.     ?               
?
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    ?
                

  1960    ,         
 '      -   ,  
    :
-      (HYV)    
          
      
,     
                 
 '  
󷙣󷙤󷙥         
1. HYV     - 
o   '         
o         -64     
2.         
o             
     
o         
3.    
o            
 
o          
4.   
o ,            
o       
2.
5.    
o -   (MSP)        
 
o ,       
6.     '   
o     '     
o     -     
󷊨󷊩       
1.   
        
      
          ,    " 
"   
2.    
  ,  ,      
        
,   -        
3.     
         
             
-     
  ,           
4.   
         ,     
 
         ,  
     
      
5.       
      
        
 ,    '          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
2.
       :
 :     ,     

:  ,       
󽆪󽆫󽆬
         ,        
 , ,     ,         
          ,     
      
 -
5. '    '  
  ?   '       
:"    "     ?
                  , 
   ,  ,  , ,    -   
    ,      ,  -   
,      
 ,       '
  
                

  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                  
,       
""             -   ,
    
,                
     :

 
  

2.


 
           (   
  )
  
   ?
   ,          

   :
1.   
               
,          
2.      
  ,           ,
              ' 
 
3.   
    ,       ,  
          
4.     
              
       
         
     , ,        
           
1.   :     
             ,   
 
2.
         ,        
           
   :
     (  " "   )
   
    
   
   
   , 
 ,          
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔,           ' 
 
2.    :         
                 
:
      
      
:
     
     "    "
 :
   
       
      
,        :
   
   
 
2.
3.    :     
         
:
       
    '  
       
     
     
             
          -    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
4.    :      '  
       
   :
   
    
   
   '  
         ,     
        :
 
 
    
 ,    ,    '     
5.    :   
2.
       :
  
  
   
    
            '  
      
,    :
   
     
         
6.         
     ,        
a)    
  -     '        
  
)   
                
  
c)     
  -               
   
)   
         -    
7.        
  ,          :
    
2.
    
     
    
    ,         
 ,          
      '  

    
          
  '        ,    
  '     '    
      - :
 ,     
       
    -  
     
     ,  ,      
  ,              
  ,        
,       
 -        
      
6.                
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      
  :1947 ,          
      ,        

 :,        ,  
       
2.
    :,      
      

            
     
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
1.      :
o   ( )       
o             

2.   :
o        '  
o      ,    , 
  
3.    :
o            

o             
󷊨󷊩1960–1980      
           
    :
o        
o   -   ,     

:
o     (, 1969)    (,
1962)     
o       ,   , 
      
  :
o    (, 1962)     
o       ,     

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼1990         
1.       :
o     -,     
2.
o -    ,   
   
2.  :
o           
o   
      
3.      :
o ..,      ,    

 
󷊨󷊩          
  ' :          
   '   :      
,      
   :        
 
    :       
' 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  '  
  :      ,     
   :          ' 
   
   :-     ,    
    
:
o     - 
o     '  
o           
󽆪󽆫󽆬
           ,    
               
,       
  ,      ' 
  ,          
 
  ,  ,       
 
2.
-
7.             
:󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆      
          ,      
           ,   
          
       (1469-1539) ,         
               
            ,   
  
   ,          , 
       
 ,                 
,              
                 
      
 ,    ,     '     ,
           '   
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭     :        
   ,          
             

       ,     18
     
            , -  

             
      :



2.
   ,          
   - 
""     ,          
          
   , 
      
,  ,      
󷩡󷩟󷩠           
      (19
  ) ,   -
,               
  '    
  ,           
    :
1.     
     ,     
2.    
        ,     

3.  
  , ,         
          (1872–1957)   
"    "      ,     
            
󹶜󹶟󹶝󹶞󹶠󹶡󹶢󹶣󹶤󹶥󹶦󹶧    :  ,     
20
 ,            ,
          
    :
  -      ,      
  
        
 -      
2.
   (1947)         , ,  
            '  

 ,       :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
󷘧󷘨     
    ,         ,  
     
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
     :


 
     , -        , 
         
,      
 
󷘧󷘨     (20
   )
    20
    ,      
  
              
        ,    
   
      :
        
  -     
2.
        (:   
 ,  "  "  -    
 "" : "    
;  "   )
   :
         
     :
 
 
- 
 
󷘜󷘝󷘞󷘟󷘠󷘡󷘢󷘣󷘤󷘥󷘦       
1947  ,           
         
   :
 
 
 
      
            ,  
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :    
 
  '  ,      --  :
1.       ,  
2.     ,  
3.   -   
4.    , 
5. , 
6.    - , ,  
2.
           
         
󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆
           
    
                
     ,           
    
,        , ,    
-
       ,      ,   
    
8.                     
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      
:  ,          
    ,         
 :  ,  ,         
       ,         

  :  ,  -     
            
    :        
,         
 ,              ,  
               
󷙣󷙤󷙥        
         ,   1980   , 

        
 :
1.   :
2.
o              
o          
2.   :
o         
o              
3.   :
o -            
4.    :
o 
     ,   
 
󷊨󷊩     
   :            
   ,  1,000        ' 

  :      ,      
  :         , 
    
   :            
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
1.     :
o -        
() , 1994     '    
o          
2.    :
o " ,  "         
 
o      
3.    :
o   -          

o     '         
4.   :
o           
 
o           ,  

󷊨󷊩       
2.
 :       ,     
   
 : ,  , ,        
 
:
o         
o   ,   ,    
 
o             
󽆪󽆫󽆬
       
 : ,    
,               
      ,         
"                 
 
          ,         
 "